英语专业学位论文= 889;作规范

南京大学&#= 22806;国语学院英语系

本科学位&#= 35770;文写作规范

（由《英语专业学&#= 20301;论文规范》改写）=

Instructions for

the Preparation of BA Theses

Department of English

School of Foreign Studies

Nanjing University

November 2007

第一章前言

英语= 系学士= 398;位申请人必须认真阅= ;读本《规范》，保证&#= 33258;己的论文在文字和Ċ= 84;式上符合《规范》的= 要求。如有违反，英= 5821;系有权不准予该学ஶ= 3;参加答辩。

&#= 31532;二章 &#= 23398;位论文格式

!= 521;语语言文学专业的学= ;士论文一律用英语撰&#= 20889;，论文应由前置部Ñ= 98;、主体和附录这三部= 分组成。

= ;

2.1 打印规范

2.1.1 纸张和打印

#= 770;文打印使用标准A4 = = 333;纸的一面，一般情况= ;下不得双面打印。

= 171;印时应留有足够的页= ;边距，其中左边距为3.5= = 400;米，右边距为2.54= 400;米，上下边距各留= 2.54= 400;米，可用Microsoft Word$= 873;项单中的“= 991;件\页面= 设置\页边= 距”= 629;令设置页面。

= 573;落对齐方式在节标题= ;部分都必须使用左对&#= 40784;（left align= mentA= 289;，不得使用两端对齐= ;，也不得使用自动断&#= 35789;设置。正文部分使ī= 92;两端对齐，全文必须= 统一。表格中的数字= 1644;文字视情况使用左ल= 5;齐或居中（单词之间&= #31354;白不得超过一格）= 290;

论文৕= 1;印页上除了使用页码&= #20197;外不得出现有页眉= 110;页脚。

2.1.2 字体（Type<= span style=3D'font-family:SimHei;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial'>）

#= 770;文全文，= 253;括致谢、摘要、目次= ;页、论文正文以及参&#= 32771;文献等各部分的文é= 83;都应该字型（font）= 968;致，= 383;体大小一致，英文= 351;用Times New = Roman 12 pt，中文๽= 6;分使用宋体小四号（= 363;12 pt）。章节的标= 9064;使用Arial = 152;粗。

= 599;一段落的首行都应缩= ;进5= 684;或1= 010;制表符（TAB= A= 289;的距离。段落的首行= ;缩进不得出现不一致&#= 29616;象。

= 491;文部分行距应为1.5= 倍<= span style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-h= ansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:SimSun'>，= 341;语段（block quotation<= /span>，#= 265;2.3.2!= 410;）、参 = 771;文献著录条目均= 212;使用单倍行距。

2.1.3 页码（Pagination）

#= 770;文所有的页码（包括= ;附录的页码）都必须&#= 26631;注在每一页的右下Š= 82;，第1'= 029;为正文第一章的第一= ;页，由此起算。=

前置部分的页码应= 351;用小写的罗马数字（= ;即ii<= span style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-a= scii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN'>、iii、iv等），封面的页码= 053;去，故从第ii<= span style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-a= scii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN'>页起编码。=

2.2 前置部分（Prefatory Matter）

&nb= sp; 论文= 前置部分应包括封面= 2289;致谢页、摘要、目શ= 5;页、图表清单等。

2.2.1 <= span style=3D'mso-bookmark:_Toc109663316'>封面（Title Page<= /span>）

= 553;面是论文的外表面，= ;为读者提供论文的基&#= 26412;信息，并对论文起Ì= 45;护作用。学位申请人= 应该用中文认真填写= 3398;校印发的标准封面Ӎ= 0;（参考封面见图2.1= = 290;）

#= 770;文的封二必须用英语= ;撰写，具体格式见图2.2= = 290;论文的中英文题目都= ;应避免使用不常用的&#= 32553;略语、字符、代号Ļ= 61;。

图<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>2.1= ：学= 位论文中文封面（供= 1442;考）

南&#= 20140;大学

本科毕业论文(设计)

题目________________________________= ______

学生姓ࡧ= 7; _______________________________= __

学号_______________院系___________________

年级_______________专业___________________

指导教१= 2;___________职称________________ =

论文答๝= 7;日期__________________________=

&= nbsp;

图2.2: 学位论文英文封= 面

= A Comp= arative Study of the Effects of Input/Output

= Practi= ce on Test Performance

= Of Col= lege English Majors

= &= nbsp;

by

Li Xiaohong

Under the Supervision of
Professor Zhang Xuefeng

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Bachelor of Arts

English Department

School of Foreign Studies<= /p>
Nanj= ing University<= /p>
May 2006

2.2.2 致谢（<= span lang=3DEN-US>Acknowledgements）

!= 268;谢是论文撰写人向所= ;有对论文撰写提供过&#= 24110;助的人表示感谢的Ĉ= 26;会。致谢的对象一般= 包括在研究工作中提= 0986;指导意见、提出建෷= 8;和提供帮助的人以及&= #20854;他协助完成研究工= 316;、提供便利条件或者= ;允许使用其出版物或&#= 20070;面资料的组织或个É= 54;。

致谢ಮ= 7;尾处应签上（或打印&= #19978;）论文撰写人姓氏= 644;名字的首字母（initialsA= 289;。

2.2.3= 摘要（Abstra= ct）

= 688;要是论文内容的简要= ;陈述，是一篇完整的&#= 12289;可以独立使用的短ă= 91;，因而必须具有自含= 性，即：读者即使不= 8405;读论文的全文也可ߣ= 7;从摘要中获得必要的&= #12289;与论文等量的信息A= 292;以便确定有无必要阅= ;读全文。摘要一般应&#= 21253;括（1A= 289;研究的题目和目的；= ;（2A= 289;研究的方法或者过程= ;；（3A= 289;研究的发现或者成果= ;；（4A= 289;结论。摘要不应报告= ;论文结构。

英语专= 994;= 398;士论文的英文摘要的= ;长度大约为200= 010;单词，中文摘要可以= ;在200<= span style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-h= ansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:SimSun;mso-ansi-language:ZH-CN'>= 383;左右。

= 013;英文摘要均不得包含= ;任何数学公式、表格&#= 25110;示意图，不得包含ƃ= 50;公知公用而又未加解= 释的缩略语、字符、= 0195;号。摘要不另加注ດ= 2;。

英文摘要的首&#= 39029;必须从第三行开始ʌ= 92;以ABSTRACT = 为居中标题。&#= 27491;文部分行距为1.5行，段落的具&#= 20307;格式与论文正文的Ċ= 84;式相同，都必须用<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>Times New= Roman 12 pt。

2.2.4 目次页（Table of Contents）

= 446;次页由论文的章节、= ;附录等的序号、标题&#= 21644;页码组成，= 478;页编排在摘要的后面= ;。论文的章（一级标&#= 39064;）的序号应用英文ă= 68;字或者罗马数字，如= Chapter Th= ree= 110;者Chapter II= I。正= 文中= 108;级标题（节）及二级= ;以下标题用阿拉伯数&#= 23383;编排序号，如3.1= = 289;3.2.2= 561;，目次页应列出这些= ;标题、序号、页码。

章节的= ;标题均必须与正文中&#= 30340;标题相一致。目次ſ= 88;的行距为1.5= "= 892;，但同一目次换行时= ;应为单倍行距。每一&#= 31456;序号和标题的字体ī= 92;Arial(= 657;体12 pt，其余的序= 1495;和标题用Times New = Roman 12 pt。章഍= 0;必须逐级缩进，页码&= #24517;须右对齐（见图2.3= A= 289;。

&= nbsp;

= 270;2.3：目次页

2.2.5 图表清单（Lists of Tables and Figures）

#= 770;文如果有两幅以上的= ;表格，= 017;可列表格清单（List of Tables），= 914;果有两幅以上的示意= ;图，= 017;可列示意图清单（List of Tables and Figu= res）= 290;图、表清单均应置于= ;目次页之后。如果图&#= 34920;总数不超过六幅，= 487;以列入同一份清单= （List of Tables and Figu= res），= 294;清单中图、表应分别= ;排列，如果总数超过&#= 20845;幅，则表和图应分Ò= 15;清单，各自单独成页= 。

图表清= ;单中用阿拉伯数字按&#= 22270;表在论文中出现先×= 18;顺序编号，如Table 4.1<= /span>= 289;Figure 6.2= = 561;。清单中每一份图表= ;都应列出序号、题目&#= 21644;页码。页码必须右ë= 45;齐（可用Microsoft Word$= 873;项单中“格式\制表= 位R= 21;的指令设置）。

2.3 主体部分（= ;Text）

2.3.1 文献引用（Citation）

= 991;献引用注明出处反映= ;了论文作者对所涉领&#= 22495;的把握和治学的态ò= 30;。引用的规范按专业= 方向的不同一般分为MLA= A= 288;the Modern Language Association）和APAA= 288;the Americ= an Psychological Association）两类，区= 1035;在于次序、大小写ӌ= 9;缩写、标点等细节上&= #12290;学位论文撰写人应#= 813;根据MLA= = 110;APA= = 340;要求，格式上做到前= ;后一致。（详见第三&#= 31456;：文献引证。）

= 341;文出处应使用括号夹= ;注的方法（一般不使&#= 29992;脚注或者尾注）。Ê= 19;何直接引语都必须标= 明页码，以便读者查= 5214;。在正文中，括号࣬= 1;注是引文出现的小句&= #30340;一部分，因而必须= 918;在句末的标点以内，= ;不得放在句外，但也&#= 19981;得放在引文的引号É= 97;内（见图2.4= A= 289;。

= 270;2.4A= 306;括号夹注在正文中的= ;使用方法

&#= 27491;确：

Her idea is further confirmed that “people think her o= dd and that nobody loves and admires her” (Fountain 33).

&#= 38169;误：

Her idea is further confirmed that “people think her o= dd and that nobody loves and admires her.” (Fountain 33)

Her idea is further confirmed that “people think her o= dd and that nobody loves and admires her (Fountain 33).”

&= nbsp;

2.3.2 <= /span>引语A= 288;Quotations）

= 341;文必须准确，= 517;须用方括号（square brackets“[ ]”）和省略号（ellipses“…&= #8221;）= 631;明更动原文的地方= ，（#= 814;见3.1.8节）。

= 701;于三行的或者短于一= ;句的引语应该写入正&#= 25991;，并且用双引号标ą= 26;。单引号只允许用来= 标注引语中的引语，= 1542;则不得使用（见图2.5= A= 289;。无论引自书本还是= ;引自访谈对象，引语&#= 19981;得使用斜体或粗体Ĉ= 69;表示。

图2.5A= 306;正确使用双引号和单= ;引号

正确：

Researchers claim that the “question of indefiniteness= does not arise for non-referential noun phrase” (Li & Thompson, 1981: 12= 9).

&#= 38169;误：

Researchers claim that the ‘question of indefiniteness= does not arise for non-referential noun phrase’ (Li & Thompson, 1981: 129).

= 312;任何情况下（即使引= ;语仅仅只有一个单词&#= 65289;，句末、小句末的Ö= 77;号和逗号都必须放在= 引号之内，冒号（“:&#= 8221;A= 289;和分号（“;&#= 8221;A= 289;都必须放在引号之外= ;，而如果引文是一疑&#= 38382;句则问号应放在引Ö= 95;之内，否则问号（<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>“?&#= 8221;A= 289;应放在引号之外（见= ;图2.6= A= 289;。

= 977;行或三行以上，= 110;者虽然短于三行、但= ;含一句以上的引语应&#= 35813;另起一行，= 316;为独立的引语段（block quotation<= /span>）= 290;引语段可以用单倍行= ;距，但其首行和末行&#= 24212;与正文空1.5= "= 892;。

图2.6A= 306;双引号与其它标点的= ;位置

&#= 27491;确：

A silver dome concealed the robot’s “brain.̶= 1;

正确：

Hakuta (1976) found two typ= es of error in the subjects’ article usage and he termed them “erro= r of omission” and “error of commission.”

&#= 27491;确：

Where does Whitman speak of “the meaning of poems”?

&#= 38169;误：

A silver dome concealed the robot’s “brain”= ;.

错误：

Hakuta (1976) found two types of error in the subjects’ article usage and he termed them “error of omission” and “error of commission”.

&#= 38169;误：

Where does Whitman speak of “the meaning of poems?R= 21;

= 341;语段左右两边均应较= ;正文缩进5= 684;或1= 010;制表符（TAB）= 340;距离。如果引语段原= ;为一自然段，则其首&#= 34892;应进一步缩进4!= 267;5= 684;或1= 010;制表符的距离。

引语段= ;的段首和段尾不得使&#= 29992;引号。

引语段= ;的字体必须与正文相&#= 21516;，使用Times New = Roman/= 435;体 12 pt，不এ= 1;有所更改。

正文中= ;的中文引文应提供英&#= 25991;译文。如：

Confucius was quoted in= The Analects as saying, “学而= 时习之，不亦乐乎” (“Learnin= g with frequent reviewing, what a pleasure this is”)!

&nb= sp;

2.3.3 = 2270;表（Tables, Figures, Charts, and Illustrations= 5289;

= 270;、表必须有序号和题= ;目，= 182;置于图表正上方。题= ;目应简短确切，= 968;般不超过一行。

= 270;、表均必须有自明性= ;，= 363;做到使不阅读正文的= ;读者也能够理解图或&#= 34920;的意思。图表中出Ĩ= 16;的符号、标记、代码= 、缩略词等，都必须= 8468;注于图下或表下（ࡘ= 3;使用“Notes:”A= 289;。

= 270;表不得宽于或高于正= ;文，不得跨页。如果&#= 30830;实因为表格太长必Ɔ= 35;跨页，必须在前一页= 表格的底部加上“Continued on the next page”，在后一'= 029;表格的顶部加上“<= span style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;mso-ansi-language:ZH-CN'= >ContinuedR= 21;。

图表序= ;号、题目及注解的文&#= 23383;一般使用单倍行距ʌ= 92;字体可以根据需要调= 整大小。

=

2.4 &= #38468;录部分（Postscriptural Matter&= #65289;<= span style=3D'mso-bookmark:_Toc109663328'>

2.4.1 参考= 文献

= 152;有正文中引用的文献= ;都必须按MLA= = 110;者APA= = 340;要求，!= 879;录在Works Cite= d= 110;者References= = 043;下，= 312;正文最后一章结束后= ;另页开始。文献著录&#= 24517;须按作者姓氏的字ē= 97;顺序排列，= 981;得以正文中出现的先= ;后编码排序，= 981;得使用阿拉伯数字。= ;每一条目中的各项内&#= 23481;都必须按MLA= = 110;者APA= #= 268;定的次序和格式编排= ;，（详见3.2= 节“&= #21442;考文献著录的格式R= 21;）= 290;

参考文献的字&#= 20307;与正文相同，条目ſ= 88;距为1.5行，条目内换行用单倍行距= 290;

= ;

2.4.2 附录= （Appendices= ）<= /b>

       &= 468;录是论文主体的补充= ;部分，编排在参考文&#= 29486;后面。编入附录的Ĉ= 48;料一般有助于读者了= 解正文内容，但又因= 1687;幅过大、数据琐碎౔= 1;原因，编入正文会有&= #25439;于正文编排的条理= 615;或逻辑性。

       附录与正文连续编'= 029;码。每一附录均须另= ;页起头，均须有序号&#= 65288;如Appendix I= 、 Appendix II等）和名= 称。附录的序号、名= 1216;和页码都必须包括ࢷ= 2;目次页里。

第三ĺ= 56;   &#= 25991;献引证

      = 参考= 文献引用的规范应该= 5353;专业方向的不同选৤= 1;使用MLA= （<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>the Modern Language Association）或者APA（<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-fo= nt-style: italic'>the American Psychological Association），一般&#= 20559;重人文学科的(文学= 方向)应用= MLA= ，偏= 重自然学科的(语言= 学方向)应用= APA= 。<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

3.1 正文中的引= ;证

      = 学位= 论文引用别人的观点= 2289;方法、言论必须注਴= 6;出处，注明出处时应&= #35813;= 351;用括号夹注的方法，= ;一般不使用脚注或者&#= 23614;注。

3.1.1 引用ă= 72;篇文献的观点

      = 引用= 整篇文献（即全书或= 0840;文）观点时有两种ভ= 3;况，一种是作者的姓&= #27663;在正文中没有出现A= 292;如：

MLA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but = in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor).

= ;

APA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but = in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990).

另一种情况= 6159;作者的姓氏= = 050;在正文同一句中出现= ;，按MLA的规范不需要使&#= 29992;= 324;号夹注，如：

MLA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not on= ly in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.

而按APA的规范则没有ও= 7;要在括号夹注中重复&= #20316;者的姓，如：
APA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not on= ly in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (199= 0).



如果作者௚= 0;姓氏= = 644;文献出版年份均已在= ;正文同一句中出现，&#= 25353;APA的规范不需使用= 324;号夹注，如：

APA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in th= eir personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.

      = 在论= 文中引用中文著作或= 2773;期刊A= 292;括号夹注中只需用汉= ;语拼音标明作者= 的姓氏，不得使用汉= 3383;，如A= 306;

MLA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

      (Zhu 12)

APA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

      (Zhang, 200= 5)

=

3.1.2 引用ă= 91;献中具体观点或文字=

      = 引用= 文献中某一具体观点= 5110;文字时必须注明该ෆ= 6;点或者该段文字出现&= #30340;页码，没有页码是= 991;献引用不规范的表现= ;。例如：

MLA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Ancient writers attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who lived = in the sixth century BC (Marcuse 197).

Monasteries in medieval Europe were not short of speculations about Greek inventions (Marcuse 190-203).

= ;

APA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social” (Taylor, 1988, p. 11).<= /o:p>

Newmark (1988, pp. 39-40) notes three characteristically expressive text-types: (a) serious imaginative literature (e.g. lyrical poetry); (b) authoritative statements (political speeches and documents, statutes and legal documents, philosophical and academic works by acknowledged authorities); (c) autobiography, essays, personal correspondence (when these are personal effusions).

注意在这些= 0363;子中引文超过一页ਲ= 2;的页码标记方法：MLA的规范是(Marcuse 190-203)，而= APA的规范是(1988, pp. 39-40)。<= span style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-h= ansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:SimSun;mso-ansi-language:ZH-CN'>

  = ; 假若作者的姓氏= = 050;在正文同一句中出现= ;，则不需要= = 312;括号夹注中重复，如= ;：

MLA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Ancient writers, according to Marcuse, attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC (197).

= ;

APA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Taylor writes that Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for = the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social” (1988, p. 11)= .

=

3.1.3 引用ä= 10;位作者写作的同一文= 献

MLA= （二= 至三位作者）：

Among intentional spoonerisms, the “punlike metathesis of distinctive featu= res may serve to weld together words etymologically unrelated but close in their sound and meaning” (Jakobson and Waugh 304).

（如果= 有三位作者，在括号夹注中应用逗= 1495;分隔他们的姓氏A= 292;如A= 306;(Alton, Davies, and Rice 56)。）

MLA= （三= 位以上的作者）：

The study was extended for two years, and only after results were reviewed by an independent panel did the researchers publish their findings (Blaine et al. 35).

= ;

APA= （两= 位作者）：

Research (Yamada & Matsuura, 1982) reports the poor performance of advanced Engl= ish learners who could use English articles correctly only in 70 percent of the cases.

      =

注意两种规范的= 括号夹= 880;中分别使用“and= ”与“&”。

APA= （三= 至五位作者）

第一次引用：

According to educational psychologists, raising children is a responsibility of the entire community (Franklin, Childs, & Smith, 1995).
= ;

以后的引用：

To be successful, “communities must be willing to take this responsibility” (Franklin et al., 1995, p. 135).

APA= （五= 位以上的作者）：

Patterns of byzantine intrigue have long plagued the internal politics of community college administration in Tex= as (Douglas et al., 2003)

3.1.4 引用×= 16;样姓氏的不同作者<= /span>

      = 假若= 两个或两个以上的作= 2773;有同样的姓氏A= 292;则括号夹注中应同时= ;使用他们名字的首字&#= 27597;，如：

MLA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh t= his consideration (A. Miller 46).

= ;

APA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Well-established SLA researchers (e.g., R. Ellis, 2002) s= eem rather skeptical of the assertion that repetition alone explains the development of the knowledge of a second language (N. Ellis, 2002).

      = 引用= 中文著作或期刊时同= 2995;作者的情况较多A= 292;应在括号夹注中使用= ;他们名字的首字母加&#= 20197;区分，如：

ML= A：

(S.R. Wang 26) (J.X. Wang 30)

AP= A：

(W.Y. Wang, 2003) (L.F. Wang, 2003, p. 213)

3.1.5 引用×= 16;一作者的多篇文献<= /span>

      = 按<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>MLA= 规范= ，引用= 516;一作者的多篇文献时= ;，在括号夹注中应加&#= 20837;文献标题中的关键ť= 89;组，如：

Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children (“T= oo Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development (“Hand-Eye Development” 17).

或者

Computers are not useful tools for small children (Lightenor, “Too Soon” = 38), though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead = to better small motor skill development (Lightenor, “Hand-Eye Development” 17).

或者

Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children, though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development (“Too Soon” 38 and “Hand-Eye Development” 17).

    = 353;APA#= 268;范，同一作者的不同= ;文献可用出版年份来&#= 21306;别，如：

(Zhang, 1997)          (Zhang, 1999)      &n= bsp;      (Zhang, 2004)

括号夹注还= 1487;以表示同一作者的ࣩ= 0;篇文献，文= 献按发表次序排列，= 914;：

(Zhang, 1997= , 1999, 2004)

同一年份发= 4920;的文献应对年份另ࡃ= 2;字母，以示区别（正&= #25991;后参考文献著录= 中相应的条目里的年= 0221;应加同样的字母A= 289;，如：

   = ;   (Bloom, 2003a, 2003b)

=

3.1.6 同时ó= 41;用不同作者的多篇文= 献

      = = 324;号夹注可以包括不同= ;作者的多篇文献，文= 献按作者姓氏的字母= 9034;序排列（注意分号௚= 0;使用），= 914;：

MLA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

The dangers of mountain lions to humans have been well documented (Rychnovsky 4= 0; Seidensticker 114; Williams 30).

APA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Distance from health care providers, lack of transportation, lack of health care providers, lack of information about the disease and various treatment opti= ons, poverty and social isolation due to geography are all factors which affect treatment decisions of rural clients (Brown, 2001; Sullivan, Weinert & Fulton, 1993; Weinert & Burman, 1994).

3.1.7 引用ƃ= 50;直接文献（indirect source= ）

      = 论文= 应尽可能避免使用非= 0452;接文献（即二级文஄= 6;secondary = source），= 但在无法找到直接文= 9486;（即一级文献primary so= urce）的= 情况下，引文可以从= 8750;直接文献中析出，ߴ= 3;如：<= o:p>

MLA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Samuel Johnson admitted that Edmund Burke was an “extraordinary man” (= qtd. in Boswell 2: 450).

（注意= ：“qtd. in”中的字母“i”不得= 大写。）

= ;

APA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Grayson (as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996, p. 135) identified four compon= ents of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability.

One researcher (Grayson, as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996, p. 135) identified four components of body language that were related to judgments = of vulnerability.

      = 引用= 非直接文献以后，在= 491;文后参考文献著录= 中只需列入该非直接= 5991;献的条目（即上述ऩ= 4;例中的“Boswell”和&= #8220;Murzynski = & Degelman, 19= 96”= ）。

3.1.8 对引Ŧ= 21;文字的更改

      = 直接= 引语如出现在正文中= 8388;，使用引语的句子ߎ= 1;得违反英语语法，不&= #24471;出现“句中句”。ࢳ= 0;3.1= 右边= 一栏两句句子均包含= 0102;引语，但均不合语ૢ= 1;。

图<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>3.1= ：对= 引语文字的更改

正确A= 306;

So it is= not like what Luthi calls “enter[ing] effortlessly into fruitful contac= t with distant worlds” (63).

正确A= 306;

Max Luth= i points out that the first apparent thing in the fairytale is that it portrays its hero as “isolated” and often as “an old child” (5= 9).

错误A= 306;

So it is= not like what Luthi calls “enter effortlessly into fruitful contact with distant worlds” (63).

错误A= 306;

Max Luth= i points out: “The first thing that is apparent in the fairytale …is t= hat it portrays its hero as isolated. He is often an old child” (59).

为了使含直接引= 语的句子合乎语法，= 4448;往有必要对引语的ਧ= 1;字作一定的更改。如&= #26524;要删除引语中个别#= 789;句，可以用省略号= （ellipses “…”）取代删除的词&#= 21477;。如果#= 201;加入或者更改个别单= ;词或者词组，则可以&#= 23558;需要加入或者更改į= 40;单词或词组放在方括= 号（square brackets = “[ ]”）以内= 290;

无论删改&#= 36824;是添加字词均不得Ö= 64;更引语的原意。

&nb= sp;

=

3.2 参考文献著= ;录的格式

      = 参考= 文献著录在MLA= 规范= 里叫做Works Cite= d，在= APA= 规范= 里叫做References= 。<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

=

3.2.1 著录ð= 50;出版的文章

一位作者写的文= 章

MLA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Stewart, Donald C. “What Is an English Majo= r, and What Should It Be?” Colle= ge Composition and Communication 40 (1989): 188-202.

= ;

APA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Roediger, = H. L. (1990). Implicit memory: A commentary. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 28, 373-380.

      = 注意= ：（1）在= MLA= 规范= 里，作者的姓名应完= 5972;，应标明首名的全ఱ= 6;和中间名的首字母。&= #22312;APA= 里，= 作者的首名和中间名= 2343;应用首字母。（2）在= MLA= 规范= 里，期刊名与期刊卷= 5968;之间不用逗号。（3）在= APA= 规范= 里= 399;刊的卷数（即“28= ”）应ஷ= 2;斜体表示。（= 4）按= MLA= 的规= 范，标题第一个词和= 0882;号后第一个词的首ढ= 3;母均必须大写，而其&= #20313;每一个词的首字母A= 292;除冠词、介词、并列= ;连词以及不定式符号&#= 65288;“to<= span style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-a= scii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>”）&= #20197;外都必须大写。按APA= 的规= 范，标题第一个词和= 0882;号后第一个词的首ढ= 3;母必须大写，而其余&= #27599;一个词的首字母，&= 500;专有名词以外，均不= ;需要大写。

两位作者写的文= 章

MLA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Brownell, = Hiram H., and Heather H. Potter. “Inference Deficits in Right-Brain Damaged Patients.” Brain and Language= 27 (1986): 310-21.

= ;

APA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Tulving, E= ., & Schacter, D. L. (1990). Priming and human memory systems. Science, 247, 301-305.

两位以上的作者= 写的文章

MLA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Mascia-Lee= s, Frances E., Pat Sharpe, and Colleen B. Cohen. “Double Liminality and = the Black Woman Writer.” American Behavioral Scientist 31 (1987): 101-14.

= ;

APA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Barringer,= H. R., Takeuchi, D. T., & Xenos, P. C. (1990). Education, occupational prestig= e and income of Asian Americans: Evidence from the 1980 Census. Sociology of Education, 63, 27-43.

      = 无论= 用MLA 还是APA，第一作者= 以姓氏开始（<= span style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-a= scii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN'>加上逗号），继以名字或者名字= 340;首字母，<= span style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-a= scii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN'>但是从第二作者开= 987;，<= span style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-a= scii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN'>在MLA规范里以= 名字开始，<= span style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-a= scii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN'>继以姓氏，而&#= 22312;APA= 规范里以姓氏开始（<= span style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-a= scii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN'>加上逗号），继以名字的首字母= 290;

      = 如果作者人数超过= 977;人，<= span style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-a= scii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN'>也可以考虑仅保留= 532;一作者的名字，<= span style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-a= scii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN'>加上et al.（拉&#= 19969;文 “and others”），如：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

MLA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Mascia-Lee= s, Frances E., et al. “Double Liminality and the Black Woman Writer.R= 21; American Behavioral Scientist 31 (= 1987): 101-14.

= ;

APA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Barringer,= H. R. et at. (1990). Education, occupational prestige and income of Asian America= ns: Evidence from the 1980 Census. Soci= ology of Education, 63, 27-43.

收集在书籍中的= 文章（Selection = from an edited book）

MLA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Glover, Da= vid. “The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of: Masculinity, Femininity, and the Thriller.” Gender, Genre and Narrative Pleasure. Ed. Derek Longhurst. London: Unwin Hyman, 1989. 67-83.<= /o:p>

= ;

APA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Wilson, S.= F. (1990). Community support and integration: New directions for outcome resea= rch. In S. Rose (Ed.), Case management: = An overview and assessment (pp. 13-42). White Plains, NY: Lon= gman.

      = 注意= ：（1）“<= /span>Ed.= ”代&= #34920;“编”。（2）在= MLA= 规范= 中，书的编者的姓和= 1517;均用全称，在APA= 规范= 里，编者的姓用全称= 5292;名用首字母。

杂志中的文章<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

MLA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Miller, Mark Crispen. “Massa, Come Home.” New Republic 16 Sept. 1981: 29-32.

= ;

APA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Gibbs, N. (1989, April 24). How America has run out of time. = Time, pp. 58-67.=

   =     注意：著录引用杂= 535;中的文章应标明杂志= ;的出版日期。

= ;

报纸中的文章<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

MLA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

“Literacy on the job.” USA Today 27 Dec. 1988: 6B.

= ;

APA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Freudenhei= m, M. (1987, December 29). Rehabilita= tion in head injuries in business and helath. New York Times, p. D2.

3.2.2 著录ð= 50;出版的书籍

一位作者写的书= 籍

MLA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Graff, Ger= ald. Professing Literature: An Institutional History. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1987.

= ;

APA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Rossi, P. = H. (1989). Down and out in America: The origins of homelessness. Chicago: University of Chica= go Press.

      = 注意= 不同规范里书籍标题= 2823;小写规则的不同。

新版书（Book with a new edition= ）<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

MLA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Erikson, Erik. Childhood and Society. 2nd ed. New = York: Norton, 1963.

= ;

APA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Kail, R. (1990). Memory development in children (3rd ed.). New York: Freeman.

编撰的书籍（<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>Edited boo= k）<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

MLA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Kerckhove,= Derrick de, and Charles J. Lumsden, eds= . The Alphabet and the Brain: The Latera= lization of Writing. Berlin Springer-Verlag, 1988.

= ;

APA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Campbell, = J. P., Campbell, R. J., & Associates. (Eds.). (1988). Productivity in organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

翻译的书籍（<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;mso-font-ke= rning: 0pt'>Translated book）

MLA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Lacan, Jacques. Ecrits: A Selection. Trans. Alan Sheridan. New York: Norton, 1977.

= ;

APA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Michotte, A. E. (1963). The perception of causality (T. R. Miles & E. Miles, Trans.). London: Methuen. (Original work published 1946)

      = 注意= 在两种规范里，翻译= 2773;的名和姓均不需要ਟ= 3;变次序。

3.2.3 著录ë= 78;未正式出版的文献<= /span>

硕博士论文（<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;mso-font-ke= rning: 0pt'>Dissertation）

MLA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Hubert, He= nry Allan. “The Development of English Studies in Nineteenth-Century Angl= o- Canadian Colleges.” Diss. U of British Columbia, 1988.

= ;

APA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Thompson, = L. (1988). Social perception in negotiation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.

= ;

学术会议上的报= 告（Conference paper）

MLA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Moffett, J= ames. “Censorship and Spiritual Education.” The Right to Literacy Conference. Columbus, Ohio, September 1988.

= ;

APA= ：<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Hogan, R.,= Raskin, R., & Fazzini, D. (1988, October). The dark side of charisma. Paper presented at the Conference on Psychological Measures and Leadership, San Antonio, TX.

= ;

3.2.4 著录ĕ= 21;语著作和文章

      = 如果= 在论文中引用中文著= 0316;或者期刊A= 292;括号夹注中只需用汉= ;语拼音标明作者= 的姓氏。相应的，参= 2771;文献著录的条目= 517;须按作者姓氏汉语拼= ;音的字母顺序与英文&#= 25991;献的条目一同排列z= 90;条目中凡正文中未加= 引用的内容均不必翻= 5793;。例如：

MLA：

Zhang, Zhijian. [张志健]，严= 复思想研究. <= span style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-a= scii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>桂林= ：广西师大出版社，1989<= /o:p>

Yu, Yongdi= ng. [余永= 定]，财= 政稳定问题研究的一= 0010;理论框架. <= span style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-a= scii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>世界= 经济，2005，（= 7）：= 25-29

Wang, Ming= liang. [王明= 亮]，关= 于中国学术期刊标准= 5968;据库系统工程的进ऻ= 7;[EB/OL]. http://www.cajcd.edu.cn，1998-08-16/1999-10-04

      = 注意：这里最后是= 968;个著录网络上汉语出= ;版物的例子，其中“1998-08-1= 6”为网页发表或更Ą= 32;的日期，“1999-10-0= 4”为引用日期。（Ö= 42;见第3.2.6节。）

APA：

Wang, C. M= . [王初= 明]等人= ，2000，以= 写促学：一项英语写= 0316;教学改革的试验. <= span style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-a= scii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>外语= 教学与研究（3）：= 230= －<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>236= 。<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>

Wen, Q. F.= [文秋= 芳]，<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>2003，英= 语学习者的成功之路. <= span style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-a= scii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>上海= ：上海外语教育出版= 1038;。

      = 引用中文期刊文章，<= span style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-a= scii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN'>必须标明文章出现= 340;页码。

      = 条目中的汉语不得= 351;用斜体。

3.2.5 著录网= 2476;出版物

      著录网络出版物必༿= 5;标明出版物的上传日&= #26399;和论文撰写人上网= 597;询的日期（date of retrieval），&= #26631;明网址。条目中网= 336;如需断开换行，必须= ;在“/”之后或者“= .”之前，网址= ;中不得出现空格。

<= /p>
网络期刊（online journal）上的文章

（1）纸印= 期刊的电子版：

MLA:<= /o:p>

Bleich, Er= ic. “From International Ideas to Domestic Policies: Educational Multiculturalism in England and France.” Comparative Politics 31.1 (Oct.= 1998): 6 pp. Expanded Academic ASAP. Middlebury College 2 Aug. 2003 <http://myriad.middlebury.edu/verify-iac>.

      该例中，“6 pp.”表示文= 456;有6页，“Expanded Academic ASAP. Middlebury College”ߒ= 6;网页名称，“2 Aug. 20= 00”= 为论文撰写人上网查෽= 0;的日期。

APA:<= /o:p>

VandenBos,= G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selectio= n of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123. Retrieved Oct. 13, 2001, from http://jbr.org/articles.html

      注意：APA规范在著录网络出୭= 6;物时在条目的结尾处&= #19981;使用任何标点符号= 290;

&#= 65288;2）仅有&= #32593;络版的期刊

MLA:<= /o:p>

Burka, Lau= ren P. “A Hypertext History of Multi-User Dimensions.” MUD History. 1996. 2 Aug. 1996 <http://www.utopia.com/talent/lpb/muddex/essay>.

= ;

APA:<= /o:p>

Fredrickso= n, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention & Treatm= ent, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieve= d Nov. 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre01a.html

      该例中，“Article 0001a”为网页= 978;文章序号。

（3）网络上的独立= 文本（Stand-alone document）

MLA:<= /o:p>

Eilola, Jo= hn. “Little Machines: Rearticulating Hypertext Users.” 3 Dec. 1994.= 14 Aug 1996 <ftp://ftp.daedalus.com/pub/CCCC95/john-eilol>.

= ;

APA:<= /o:p>

GVU’s 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). R= etrieved August 8, 2000, from http://www .cc.gatech .edu/ gvu/usersurveys/survey1997= -10/

如果网页&#= 27809;有提供作者姓名，Ò= 17;条目以网页名或者文= 件名开始。“(n.d.)”表&= #31034;网页没有提供上传= 085;期。

=

3.2.6 参考ă= 91;献的排列

参考文献的= 490;列无论在MLA还是APA的规范里都必须遵ô= 90;以下几条规则：

（1<= /span>）文献条目按作者৏= 0;第一作者姓氏的字母&= #39034;序排列。汉语文献= 982;英语文献应排列在一= ;起，不应分别排列，&#= 22914;：

      =

Wen, Q. F.= [文秋= 芳]，<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>2003，英= 语学习者的成功之路. <= span style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-a= scii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>上海= ：上海外语教育出版= 1038;。

Weylman, C= . R. (2001, September 4). Make news to achieve positive press [Msg. 98]. Message posted to http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ sales-marketing-tips/message/98

（2<= /span>）同一作者的多篇ਧ= 1;献或者同一批排序相&= #21516;的作者的多篇文献= 212;该按出版次序，由= 远及= ;近排列，如：

We= gener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective states: T= he hedonic contingency hypothesis. Jou= rnal of Personality & Social Psychology, 66, 1034-1048.

Wegener, D= . T., & Petty, R. E. (1995). Flexible correction processes in social judgment: The role of naive theories in corrections for perceived bias. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 68, 36-51.

本节中的例子均= 用了APA= 的规= 范。

（3<= /span>）如果同一作者既਷= 9;一篇文献的独立作者&= #65292;又是另一篇文献的= 532;一作者，则独立作= 者的= ;文献应列在第一作者&#= 30340;文献前面，如：

Berndt, T.= J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Direct= ions in Psychological Science, 11, 7-10.

Berndt, T. J., & Keefe, K. (1995). Friends’ influence on adolescents' adjustment to school. = Child Development, 66, 1312-1329.

（4<= /span>）如果不同文献有௥= 6;同的第一作者，但其&= #20313;作者不尽相同，则= 465;目按第二作者姓氏= 的字= ;母顺序排列。如果第&#= 20108;作者也相同，则按Ļ= 32;三作者姓氏的字母顺= 序排列。例如：<= /o:p>

We= gener, D. T., Kerr, N. L., Fleming, M. A., & Petty, R. E. (2000). Flexible c= orrections of juror judgments: Implications for jury instructions. Psychology, Public Policy, & Law, 6, 629-654.

We= gener, D. T., Petty, R. E., & Klein, D. J. (1994). Effects of mood on high elaboration attitude change: The mediating role of likelihood judgments. European Journal of Social Psychology,= 24, 25-43.

=

（5<= /span>）同一作者或者同ߌ= 8;批排序相同作者在同&= #19968;年份出版的多篇文= 486;应该按文献标题第= 一个= ;实词首字母的顺序排&#= 21015;，并在年份后加上ŏ= 21;文字母，如：

Berndt, T.= J. (1981a). Age changes and changes o= ver time in prosocial intentions and behavior between friends. Developmental Psychology, 17, 408-416.

Berndt, T.= J. (1981b). Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions and behavior. Child Development, 52, 636-643.

在论文正= 5991;中，引用这些文献ਲ= 2;必须使用加上字母的&= #24180;份，如：

Berndt (1981b) have shown that...

=

（6<= /span>）无作者文献应该৚= 6;文献标题看作作者的&= #22995;对待，除去冠词后= 353;第一个词首字母的= 顺序= ;排列。

第四ĺ= 56;   格式

4.1 正确使用空格

       = 491;确使用英语的一个基= ;本要求是能够正确空&#= 26684;，不能按英语文字Š= 68;范正确空格的论文不= 是合格的论文。经常= 0986;现的错误可见图4.1<= span style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-h= ansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:SimSun;mso-ansi-language:ZH-CN'>= 290;

= ;

图4.1A= 306;不正确空格的一些例= ;子

正确：

These figures indicate that= the participants were in good command of Type One rules.

正确：

2. What a= re the major reasons for the misuse of articles by Chinese EFL learners?<= /p>

错误：

These figures indicate that the participants were in good co= mmand of Type1 rules.

错误：

2.What ar= e the major reasons for the misuse of articles by Chinese EFL learners?<= /p>

正确：

People (Kharma, 1981; Mizun= o, 1985) have attributed the lower error rates to learners’ avoidance = of uncertain uses of articles.

错误：

People (Kharma, 1981;Mizuno, 1985)have attributed the lower = error rates to learners’ avoidance of uncertain uses of articles. =

正确：

Master (1987, 1988) also fo= und that “the” was overused in the same environment.

错误：

Master (1987,1988) also fou= nd that “the” was overused in the same environment.

正确：

Hakuta (1976) found two typ= es of error in the subjects’ article usage and he termed them “erro= r of omission” and “error of commission.”

错误：

Hakuta (1976) found two types of error in the subjects’ article usage and he termed them “error of omission ” and = 220; error of commission.”

    = 477;子结尾在标点后空一= ;格，不要空两格。

4.2 正确߳= 1;用大小写

       #= 770;文中使用有序号的单= ;位的时候，单位名称&#= 30340;首字母应该大写（Š= 65;图4.2<= span style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-h= ansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:SimSun;mso-ansi-language:ZH-CN'>A= 289;。

图4.2A= 306;单位名称的正确格式= ;

&#= 27491;确：

Rules frequently cited by the interviewees are summed up in = Table 3.9.

&#= 27491;确：

The results show that Group 1 outperformed Group 2. <= /p>

&#= 38169;误：

Rules frequently cited by the interviewees are summed up in = table 3.9.

错误：

The results show that group 1 outperformed group 2. <= /p>

      = 任何= 标题第一个词的首字= 7597;必须大写。如果一ߑ= 0;冒号后面的小句是一&= #20010;完整的句子，小句= 532;一个词的首字母必须= ;大写。

=

4.3 正确使用连接&#= 31526;号

       = 324;号夹注中出现两至三= ;个作者时，在MLA= 340;规范里应该使用连接= ;词“and= ”，&= #22312;APA= 的规= 范里应使用$= 830;接符号“&”（<= /span>ampersand<= /span>）<= span style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-h= ansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:SimSun;mso-ansi-language:ZH-CN'>= 290;连接符号“&”= 981;得出现在正文里（见= ;图4.3<= span style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-h= ansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:SimSun;mso-ansi-language:ZH-CN'>A= 289;。

图4.3A= 306;连接符号的使= 用

正确：

Yamada and Matsuura (1982) = also reported the poor performance of some advanced Japanese college students = who could use English articles correctly only in 70 percent of the cases.

错误：

Yamada & Matsuura (1982= ) also reported the poor performance of some advanced Japanese college students = who could use English articles correctly only in 70 percent of the cases.

4.4 正确使用斜体（italics）

    （1= ）#= 770;文中的语言实例（linguistic example）= 289;即作为单词引用的单= ;词（words referred to as wo= rds）= 644;作为字母引用的字母= ;可以用斜体表示。文&#= 20013;不得用大写体或者Ö= 78;一种字体来表示单词= （#= 265;图4.4<= span style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-h= ansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:SimSun'>）= 290;

= ;

图4.4A= 306;斜体的使用

&#= 27491;确：

Many people, even Shaw, spelled Shakespeare without t= he final e.

&#= 27491;确：

Difficult words such as sphinx were explained in Chin= ese.

&#= 27491;确：

Twelve of the 30 participants in Group 2 could not correctly pronounce building.

&#= 38169;误：

Many people, even Shaw, spelled Shakespeare without t= he final “e.”

错误：

Difficult words such as SPHINX were explained in Chinese.

&#= 38169;误：

Twelve of the 30 participants in Group 2 could not correctly pronounce building.

= ;

       （<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>2）<= span style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-h= ansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:SimSun;mso-ansi-language:ZH-CN'>= 420;立出版物（= 253;括书报杂志、期刊、= ;剧本、电影、软件等）= 340;名称用斜体标出，= 914;，Contempora= ry History of China（书籍）、Wall Street Journal（报纸）、Star Trek<= /span>（= 005;影），= 294;是出版物内含的作品= ;的名称以及未出版的&#= 20316;品（#= 762;演、论文等）= 340;名称用引号标出，= 914;，“The Lottery̶= 1;（= 701;篇小说）= 289;“Lon= don”（#= 799;歌）= 289;“How= to Succeed in an Interview”（演讲稿）= 290;

    A= 288;3）正文中引用非英෾= 1;的拉丁语应使用斜体&= #12290;

    （4）APA#= 268;范中期刊的卷数（不= ;包括卷内的册数）应&#= 20351;用斜体，如“Language Learning, 23, 1”。

    （5）૔= 1;语拼音用斜体。

4.5 避免使用缩略语（contractions）

       = 491;文中不得使用口语体= ;，不得使用 = 553;略语，= 363;：= 992;“it is”、“I am”而不用“it’s”、“I’m”。<= /o:p>

=

4.6 数字的使用

       （<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt'>1）如= 果= 992;英语撰写的论文= 偏重于文献研究而不= 8656;要使用很多数字，࠵= 7;应用英语拼写可以用&= #19968;个或者两个单词表= 034;的数字，如：

eight        forty seven      &n= bsp;   three hundred      one thousand

= 854;余数字用阿拉伯数字= ;表示，如“301R= 21;、“111R= 21;等。如果论文偏重于= 实证研究、需要使用= 2823;量数字，则正文中ߡ= 4;“0R= 21;到“9R= 21;的数字必须用英语拼= 写，10= 644;10= 197;上的数字用阿拉伯数= ;字表示，但是图表中&#= 30340;数字、用以作数学z= 89;统计运算的数字以及= 文字结构上与10= 197;上数字相联系的数字= ;即使小于10也仍旧用阿拉伯数= 383;表示，如：

25 words, including 8 verbs, 10 nouns, 7 adjectives

in 4 of the 22 cases studied…

    A= 288;2）量词前的数字必༿= 5;用阿拉伯数字表示，&= #22914;：“5 lbs.R= 21;。

    （3）ਰ= 5;期、地址、页码中的&= #25968;字必须用阿拉伯数= 383;表示。

    （4）࣪= 3;数字可以同时用拼写&= #21644;阿拉伯数字表示，= 914;：“$2 million”。

    （5）ࡣ= 7;首的数字必须用英语&= #25340;写（见图4.5<= span style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-h= ansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:SimSun;mso-ansi-language:ZH-CN'>A= 289;。

图4.5A= 306;句首数字的处理

&#= 27491;确：

One hundred and thirty four students of a natural class participated in the study. =

错误：

134 students of a natural class participated in the study.

<= /h4>

&#= 31532;二章 &#= 23398;位论文格式

2.1 打印规范

2.1.1 纸张和打印

2.1.2 字体（Type<= span style=3D'font-family:SimHei;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial'>）

2.1.3 页码（Pagination）

2.2 前置部分（Prefatory Matter）

2.2.1 <= span style=3D'mso-bookmark:_Toc109663316'>封面（Title Page<= /span>）

2.2.4 目次页（Table of Contents）

2.2.5 图表清单（Lists of Tables and Figures）

2.3 主体部分（= ;Text）

2.3.1 文献引用（Citation）

2.3.2 <= /span>引语A= 288;Quotations）

2.3.3 = 2270;表（Tables, Figures, Charts, and Illustrations= 5289;

=

2.4 &= #38468;录部分（Postscriptural Matter&= #65289;<= span style=3D'mso-bookmark:_Toc109663328'>

第三ĺ= 56; &#= 25991;献引证

3.1 正文中的引= ;证

3.1.1 引用ă= 72;篇文献的观点

=

3.1.2 引用ă= 91;献中具体观点或文字=

=

3.1.3 引用ä= 10;位作者写作的同一文= 献

3.1.4 引用×= 16;样姓氏的不同作者<= /span>

3.1.5 引用×= 16;一作者的多篇文献<= /span>

=

3.1.6 同时ó= 41;用不同作者的多篇文= 献

3.1.7 引用ƃ= 50;直接文献（indirect source= ）

3.1.8 对引Ŧ= 21;文字的更改

=

3.2 参考文献著= ;录的格式

=

3.2.1 著录ð= 50;出版的文章

3.2.2 著录ð= 50;出版的书籍

3.2.3 著录ë= 78;未正式出版的文献<= /span>

3.2.4 著录ĕ= 21;语著作和文章

3.2.5 著录网= 2476;出版物

=

3.2.6 参考ă= 91;献的排列

第四ĺ= 56; 格式

4.1 正确使用空格

4.2 正确߳= 1;用大小写

=

4.3 正确使用连接&#= 31526;号

4.4 正确使用斜体（italics）

4.5 避免使用缩略语（contractions）

=

4.6 数字的使用

<= /h4>

2.3.3 = 2270;表（Tables, Figures, Charts, and Illustrations= 5289;